In the context of Morgan's stages, what does 'civilization' signify?

In Morgan's stages of cultural development, 'civilization' signifies complex cultures characterized by urbanization, advanced social structures, and the development of writing and formal institutions. This stage is distinguished from earlier phases, such as 'savagery' and 'barbarism,' which represent simpler societal structures lacking in these complexities.

Civilization involves the formation of cities, the establishment of governments, and the integration of various classes within society, leading to a more stratified social order. The presence of written communication allows for the record-keeping, literature, and the preservation of knowledge, which are essential features of civilized societies. Therefore, the recognition of civilization as involving complex cultures with urban settings captures the essence of Morgan's analysis and framework of societal evolution.