What best describes negative reciprocity?

Negative reciprocity refers to a type of economic exchange characterized by an attempt to gain more than what is offered in return. This concept often occurs in interactions where one party seeks to exploit the situation for personal gain, which can manifest in various ways, such as through haggling or deceitful practices. In contrast to positive forms of reciprocity, where exchanges are aimed at creating and maintaining social relationships, negative reciprocity focuses on self-interest and achieving maximum benefit at the expense of another party.

This dynamic is often observed in competitive or conflictual situations, where trust and ongoing relationships may not be priorities. In contrast, the other options describe forms of exchange that are fundamentally cooperative or aimed at mutual benefit, which diverges from the self-serving nature that defines negative reciprocity.