What characterizes the 'barbarism' stage in Morgan's theory?

In Morgan's theory of cultural evolution, the 'barbarism' stage is characterized by significant advancements beyond simple hunter-gatherer societies. During this stage, communities began to engage in the domestication of animals and the cultivation of plants, which marked a transformative shift in their subsistence strategies. This period is noted for the development of agriculture, which allowed for more stable food sources, leading to population growth and the establishment of semi-permanent settlements.

The cultivation of crops and domestication of animals not only enabled societies to sustain larger populations but also facilitated the development of trade, social hierarchies, and more complex social structures. This stage represents a pivotal advancement over the 'savagery' stage (associated with hunter-gatherer lifestyles) and sets the stage for the eventual development of civilization characterized by urban centers and writing systems.