What is a definitive trait of states in comparison to bands and tribes?

The definitive trait of states, as compared to bands and tribes, lies in the existence of social classes and judges. In state societies, there is a more complex social structure that includes hierarchies and stratification, often resulting in distinct social classes based on factors such as wealth, occupation, or power. This contrasts sharply with bands and tribes, which typically operate on egalitarian principles, where social roles are more fluid and less structured by formal hierarchies.

Additionally, states often have formal judicial systems that adjudicate laws and resolve conflicts, reflecting a level of governance and organization that transcends familial and kinship ties. This is essential for maintaining order in larger populations, as disputes can arise that require impartial arbitration, which a centralized authority or legal system can provide effectively. In contrast, bands and tribes usually rely on community consensus or traditional mechanisms to handle disputes, without appointed judges or formal legal systems.

Understanding this characteristic is crucial when analyzing the development of human societies and their governance structures over time.