Which social structure frequently consists of multiple descent groups without formal government?

The concept of a social structure that consists of multiple descent groups without a formal government is best exemplified by a tribe. Tribes are typically composed of smaller segments known as clans or lineages, which are connected through shared ancestry. These groups usually function without centralized political authority, instead relying on a combination of kinship ties and informal leadership structures to make decisions and manage communal affairs.

In tribes, social organization is often based on kinship, cultural practices, and cooperation among clans, which helps to maintain social order and resolve conflicts. The absence of a formal government is a key characteristic that distinguishes tribes from more complex societies, such as states, which have established political institutions and laws governing behavior. While bands also operate without formal government, they are generally smaller and consist of more limited social structures than tribes, making tribe the more accurate choice for the context provided in the question.